Example - With Excess Capacity
In a month, ABC Company normally produces and sells 8,000 units of its product for $20. Variable manufacturing cost per unit is $10. Total fixed manufacturing costs (up to the maximum capacity of 10,000 units) are $38,000. Variable operating cost is $1 per unit and fixed operating costs total $10,000.
A customer placed a special order for 1,500 units for $15 each. The customer is willing to shoulder the delivery costs; hence the business will not incur additional variable operating costs. Should the company accept or reject the special order?
Solution:
The company has 2,000 units excess capacity to fill up the special order of 1,500 units. The only costs to be considered in this case are the variable manufacturing costs. The total fixed cost is the same regardless of the level of activity. Even if an additional 1,500 units are to be produced, the total fixed cost remains the same. In addition, both parties agreed that the company will not incur in additional variable operating costs.
Should the company accept the offer? Yes. The selling price of $15 exceeds the variable manufacturing cost of $10. This will result in additional income of $7,500 (1,500 x $5).
Proof:
w/o Special Order
|
w/ Special Order
| ||
| Sales |
$160,000
|
$182,500
| |
| Less: Variable costs | |||
| Var. manufacturing |
80,000
|
95,000
| |
| Var. operating |
8,000
|
8,000
| |
| Contribution margin |
$72,000
|
$79,500
| |
| Less: Fixed costs | |||
| Fixed manufacturing |
38,000
|
38,000
| |
| Fixed operating |
10,000
|
10,000
| |
| Operating Income |
$24,000
|
$31,500
|
The $182,500 sales revenue includes 8,000 units sold at $20 and 1,500 units sold at $15 each. Additional variable operating costs is avoided as mentioned in the problem. Fixed costs remain constant regardless of the level of activity.
Example - Without Excess Capacity
Using the same information in the above scenario but this time, assume that the company normally manufactures and sells 9,000 units instead of 8,000. Should the company accept the special order?
Solution:
Since the company has excess capacity of 1,000 units only, it is not enough to fill up the special order of 1,500 units. Hence, a portion of the regular sales (500 units) must be sacrificed to fill up the entire special order. The lost contribution margin should be considered. Contribution margin is equal to sales (at $20) minus variable costs ($10 variable manufacturing plus $1 variable operating).
Lost contribution margin = ($20 - $11) x 500 units = $4,500
The lost contribution margin is allocated over the items sold through the special order.
Lost contribution margin per unit = $4,500 / 1,500 units = $3
This cost is an additional consideration in the decision. Should the company accept the offer? The answer is still yes since the selling price ($15) is higher than the cost ($13, i.e. variable manufacturing cost per unit of $10 plus lost CM per unit of $3). This will result in additional income of $3,000 (1,500 x $2).
Proof:
w/o Special Order
|
w/ Special Order
| ||
| Sales |
$180,000
|
$192,500
| |
| Less: Variable costs | |||
| Var. manufacturing |
90,000
|
100,000
| |
| Var. operating |
9,000
|
8,500
| |
| Contribution margin |
$81,000
|
$84,000
| |
| Less: Fixed costs | |||
| Fixed manufacturing |
38,000
|
38,000
| |
| Fixed operating |
10,000
|
10,000
| |
| Operating Income |
$33,000
|
$36,000
|
The $192,500 sales revenue includes regular sales of 8,500 units (sold at $20 each) and 1,500 specially ordered units (sold at $15). As mentioned in the problem, the company will incur the variable operating cost only for regular sales. Fixed costs remain the same.
Another example from another site
https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/relevant-costing/special-order-pricing
Example
A company is producing, on average, 10,000 units of product A per month despite having 30% more capacity. Costs per unit of product A are as follows:
The company received a special order of 2,000 units of product A at $17.00 per unit from a new customer. Should the company accept the special order, provided that the customer has agreed to pay the variable selling expenses in addition to the price of the product?
Solution
The increment cost per unit for the special order is calculated as:
Since the incremental cost per unit is less that the price offered in the special order, the company should accept it. Accepting special order will generate additional contribution of $2.00 unit and $4,000 in total.
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